Sneaky Danger - NOISE POLLUTION
Controlling noise is a system problem that can be addressed and resolved in terms of the source of noise, the environment in which it is spread (indoor and outdoor environment) and the people and other living things affected by it, and it requires cooperation between various disciplines.
Sudden sounds that occur at a high frequency, which can cause discomfort and change frequency, are not called melodies because they do not have a melody. Noise; water, air and soil pollution. The concept of noise control in the world dates back to the 1950s.
Noise sources according to noise propagation paths; internal noise and external noise.
External Noise Sources
- Transportation noise,
- Industrial noise,
- Construction noise,
- Recreation noise,
- Noises for entertainment and commercial purposes.
NOISE POLLUTION IS THE FIRST RANK OF OTHER POLLUTION TYPES IN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES. ACCORDING TO OTHER POLLUTION TYPES; THE MOST WIDE, THE MOST IMPACT OF PEOPLE AND THE HARDEST SOLUTION IS NOISE POLLUTION.
Determinants of Sound (Frequency and Intensity)
The two main determinants of sound are its frequency and intensity. The sound intensity is directly related to the mechanical pressure reaching the eardrum and is measured in decibels (dB). Our ear detects sounds between 0-140 dB. Frequency is the number of vibrations per second and the unit is Hertz (hz). The human ear can hear sounds ranging from 20 to 20,000 Hertz. The ones below this are called ultrasonic sounds and the ones above it are called ultrasonic sounds. Although these sounds cannot be heard by the human ear, they cause nausea, headache and restlessness.
The range of speech tone ranges from 500-2,000 Hz. According to international standards, the noise level that damages the hearing system is 100-10,000 Mhz and 85 dB. The limit to which one has difficulty understanding everyday conversations from a distance of 1.5 meters is considered as the noise level. In the last 10-15 years, it has been found that the noise ratio has increased by 15-20 dB in big cities.
Unusual sounds are tolerated less than 32 by the sounds of someone else and the sounds made by ourselves and by others. The sound should not exceed 30 dB for a comfortable sleep. The alarm clock equals 70 dB for a normal conversation.
Usually ear
Detects 0-140 dB,
Uncomfortable at 120 dB,
Hears pain at 125-130 dB,
140 dB’ pain and tear of the eardrum occurs.
People cannot stand 170 dB and above.
The duration of exposure to sound as well as the intensity of the sound affects people. The contact can last up to 8 hours at 90 dB, 4 hours at 93 dB, 2 hours at 96 dB, 1 hour at 99 dB.
Normally, the sound we hear around us should not be more than 30-60 dB. The distinction between sound and noise may vary between people. A sound that some people listen to as music is disturbing and perceived as noise.
Noise pollution ranks first among other types of pollution in European countries. According to other pollution types; The most common pollution that affects people the most and is the most difficult to solve is noise pollution.
Researches on noise have started in the 1970s in our country and many researches have been made on this issue in our country as in the whole world. As a result of these studies, among the environmental noise, the most common and most disturbing noise is; motor vehicle traffic noise has proven to be. In the second place, indoor noise comes. The second row in external environmental noise; airplane and airport noise.
Negative Effects of Noise
The World Health Organization has identified noise pollution as a risk factor for human health. These risks include; deterioration of hearing health (especially for workplace noise), hearing loss due to noise, physiological influences (high blood pressure, heart problems, metabolism and respiratory system disorders, premature births and infant deaths, sleep disturbance, stress) and psychological problems. influences (behavioral disorders, aggressive behaviors, general discontent, feelings of distress, sudden anger) are examples.
The effects of noise on human activities, especially job performance, are undeniably important. Decrease in work efficiency, lack of concentration, decreased mental performance in schools, learning difficulties in children can be counted among them. Especially the negative effects on the elderly and sick people are more dominant.
Impact according to personal characteristics; 20% of people are hypersensitive to noise. The hearing function may deteriorate more quickly after the age of 40. Women are more affected by high frequency sounds than men. Previous diseases and traumas in the inner ear increase the rate of noise. Being in a noisy environment before will accelerate hearing loss.
People are not the only ones affected by noise. The ecosystem also suffers from this danger. Rapid access roads, airways, railways and uncontrolled construction through natural sites have negative effects on natural life in various ways.
Noise Reduction and Prevention
In 1910, Robert Koch's prediction that savaş there will be days of war with noise like cholera and plague ”has been realized today. The efforts to win this war; the world's population, unplanned urbanization, increasing transport density, noisy machinery and equipment, and measures in the industry are carried out for many reasons.
Controlling noise is a system problem that can be addressed and resolved in terms of the source of noise, the environment in which it is spread (indoor and outdoor environment) and the people and other living things affected by it, and it requires cooperation between various disciplines. However, the subject; technology and planning as well as social, legal and economic dimensions.
Technical studies under the name of noise control engineering for reducing and preventing noise are considered in many aspects within the scope of “noise management içinde within the general environmental protection strategies of the countries.
In recent years, for the purpose of protection from environmental noise in the world; planning of “calm areas de in cities, efforts to create acceptable“ sound universe ıyla by emphasizing local, characteristic, social, cultural and natural sounds, creation of “calm facades da in buildings, detection of high-noise areas with the help of noise maps, noise-induced health issues such as quantitative assessments of risks, benefit / cost analyzes of measures to be taken are on the agenda. Solving noise problems; specific strategies and policies, and the preparation of effective and feasible action plans.
Depending on the development of technology, there are also areas where noise control works are successful. Less noisy aircraft, quieter motor vehicles, trains, noise-reducing pavements, silent tires, silent rails, quieter domestic vehicles and machinery are examples.
Noise Pollution in Turkey
1982 Regulation on Noise Control ’published in 1986 within the scope of Environmental Law published in 1982; In 2007, a new regulation was prepared under the name “Assessment and Management of Environmental Noise altında, which also required noise maps and action plans. In accordance with this regulation, noise maps are prepared in cities and action plans are prepared. Various certificate programs have been established to train the personnel who will take part in the studies to be carried out, work in the noise pollution assessments of the EIA reports and conduct audits and measurements against complaints.
On the other hand, in 2017, the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization issued a report on the measures to be taken against the noise generated by the external environment and the internal noise; “Protection of Buildings Against Noise”. The control of the buildings during the construction process starting from the project design phase and the post-construction evaluation are discussed in detail in the regulation. As a result of the studies carried out between the European Union countries, the regulation which includes the issue of ak Acoustic Classification of Buildings an published as an International Standard; This includes the measures to be taken for houses, schools, hospitals, hotels and all kinds of public buildings. Noise and vibration control is required for external structural elements (façades, windows, roof), separating inner partition elements (walls and floors), installation centers, ventilation ducts and installation elements, and limit values are given for the applications. Acoustic evaluation of the buildings and obtaining a certificate was ensured with the help of performance tests when required.
It is known that the noise intensities are quite high especially in our big cities and are above the limits determined by the World Health Organization.
According to the World Health Organization, one in three people in Europe are affected by traffic noise. This effect causes insufficient sleep and a significant decrease in the performance of the person during the day and additional costs such as time and money in the health system.
Avoiding Noise Pollution
People are advised to choose residential areas away from heavy traffic, have a sound level of about 35dB in the bedroom during the night and a sound level of about 40dB during the day. They are also advised to avoid prolonged use of earphones and use ear plugs when exposed to high noise levels. It should be remembered that noise has a high and lasting effect on both our mental and physical health.
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